Following is a list of SIP Response Codes:

Information SIP Responses – 1xx

Informational responses, indicate that the server contacted is performing some further action and does not yet have a definitive response. A server sends a 1xx response if it expects to take more than 200 ms to obtain a final response.

• 100 Trying
• 180 Ringing
• 181 Call Is Being Forwarded
• 182 Queued
• 183 Session Progress

Successful SIP Responses – 2xx

The action was successfully received, understood, and accepted.

• 200 OK
• 202 Accepted (request understood, but cannot be processed)

Redirection SIP Responses – 3xx

Further action needs to be taken in order to complete the request.

• 300 Multiple Choices
• 301 Moved Permanently
• 302 Moved Temporarily
• 305 Use Proxy
• 380 Alternative Service

Client Error SIP Responses – 4xx

The request contains bad syntax or cannot be fulfilled at the server.

• 400 Bad Request
• 401 Unauthorized (Used only by registrars or user agents. Proxies will/should use 407)
• 402 Payment Required
• 403 Forbidden
• 404 Not Found
• 405 Method Not Allowed
• 406 Not Acceptable
• 407 Proxy Authentication Required
• 408 Request Timeout
• 409 Conflict
• 410 Gone (The user is not available here but once was)
• 412 Conditional Request Failed
• 413 Request Entity Too Large
• 414 Request-URI Too Long
• 415 Unsupported Media Type
• 416 Unsupported URI Scheme
• 417 Unknown Resource-Priority
• 420 Bad Extension
• 421 Extension Required
• 422 Session Interval Too Small
• 423 Interval Too Brief
• 424 Bad Location Information
• 428 Use Identity Header
• 429 Provide Referrer Identity
• 433 Anonymity Disallowed
• 436 Bad Identity-Info
• 437 Unsupported Certificate
• 438 Invalid Identity Header
• 480 Temporarily Unavailable
• 481 Call Leg/Transaction Does Not Exist
• 482 Loop Detected
• 483 Too Many Hops
• 484 Address Incomplete
• 485 Ambiguous
• 486 Busy Here
• 487 Request Terminated
• 488 Not Acceptable Here
• 489 Bad Event
• 491 Request Pending
• 493 Undecipherable (Could not decrypt S/MIME body part)
• 494 Security Agreement Required

Server Error SIP Responses – 5xx

The server failed to fulfill an apparently valid request.

• 500 Server Internal Error
• 501 Not Implemented (SIP request method is not implemented at the server)
• 502 Bad Gateway
• 503 Service Unavailable
• 504 Server Time-out
• 505 Version Not Supported (The server does not support the version of the SIP protocol used)
• 513 Message Too Large
• 580 Precondition Failure

Global Failure SIP Responses – 6xx

The request cannot be fulfilled at any server.

• 600 Busy Everywhere
• 603 Decline
• 604 Does Not Exist Anywhere
• 606 Not Acceptable

Benefits

• Store faxes electronically
• Reduce printing costs
• Share faxes via email

Requirements

• Server running Asterisk (32 bit compatibility needed)
• Fax for Asterisk Software Add-on

Step One: Get the Fax for Asterisk Software License

First, choose the licensing based on your needs. If you will only need to support 1 simultaneous fax “session,” you may be interested in the Free Fax For Asterisk License. Digium provides the Free Fax for Asterisk software at no cost, limited one per installation of Asterisk. You can combine the Free Fax for Asterisk license with the paid Fax for Asterisk licensing if you will need additional simultaneous fax sessions.

For example, you can download and install Free Fax for Asterisk providing your system one (1) fax session. If you find you need additional simultaneous sessions, simply purchase a paid license (currently $39.99 per session).

To get the Fax for Asterisk software, go to the Digium Store. Once “purchased” you will receive your license via email.

Step Two: Download and Install the Fax for Asterisk Software

Once you’ve received your license, there are many small steps needed to download, register, and install the software.

• Download and run the registration software (outgoing network traffic to TCP port 443 (SSL) must be allowed)

cd /root
wget http://downloads.digium.com/pub/register/x86-32/register
chmod 500 /root/register
/root/register

• Complete the registration
• Go to http://www.digium.com/en/docs/FAX/faa-download.php and discover which files to download
• Download both the res_fax and res_fax_digium files
• Untar the res_fax file and copy it to the source file directory (example res_fax-1.6.0_1.0.3-x86_32.tar.gz)

tar xzvf res_fax-1.6.0_1.0.3-x86_32.tar.gz
cp /root/res_fax-1.6.0_1.0.3-x86_32/res_fax.so /usr/lib/asterisk/modules

• Untar and install the res_fax_digium software (example res_fax_digium-1.6.0_1.0.3-pentium4m_32.tar.gz)

tar xzvf res_fax_digium-1.6.0_1.0.3-pentium4m_32.tar.gz
cp /root/res_fax_digium-1.6.0_1.0.3-pentium4m_32/res_fax_digium.so /usr/lib/asterisk/modules

• Make a directory for your fax files

mkdir /var/spool/asterisk/fax

Step Three: Test if the Software Installed Correctly

Restart asterisk and test if that the fax module has loaded:

asterisk -rx "restart now"
asterisk -r
*CLI> fax show stats

If the software installed successfully, you should see something similar to:

Fax Statistics:
---------------

Current Sessions     : 0
Transmit Attempts    : 0
Receive Attempts     : 0
Completed Faxes      : 0
Failed Faxes         : 0
*CLI>
Digium T.38
Licensed Channels    : 1
Max Concurrent       : 0
Success              : 0
Canceled             : 0
No Fax               : 0
Partial              : 0
Negotiation Failed   : 0
Train Failure        : 0
Protocol Error       : 0
IO Partial           : 0
IO Fail              : 0
*CLI>
Digium G.711
Licensed Channels    : 1
Max Concurrent       : 1
Success              : 0
Switched to T.38     : 0
Canceled             : 0
No Fax               : 0
Partial              : 0
Negotiation Failed   : 0
Train Failure        : 0
Protocol Error       : 0
IO Partial           : 0
IO Fail              : 0

Step Four: Make a dialplan

Make a dialplan that fits your needs. Here’s an example for sending and receiving:

[inboundfax]
exten => s,1,NoOp(**** FAX RECEIVED from ${CALLERID(num)} ${STRFTIME(${EPOCH},,%c)} ****)
exten => s,n,Set(FAXOPT(ecm)=yes)
exten => s,n,Set(FILENAME=fax-${STRFTIME(${EPOCH},,%Y%m%d-%H%M%S)})
exten => s,n,Set(FAXFILE=${FILENAME}.tif)
exten => s,n,Set(FAXOPT(ecm)=yes)
exten => s,n,Set(FAXOPT(headerinfo)=Received by MYCOMPANY ${STRFTIME(${EPOCH},,%Y-%m-%d %H:%M)})
exten => s,n,Set(FAXOPT(localstationid)=5555551212)
exten => s,n,Set(FAXOPT(maxrate)=14400)
exten => s,n,Set(FAXOPT(minrate)=2400)
exten => s,n,NoOp(FAXOPT(ecm) : ${FAXOPT(ecm)})
exten => s,n,NoOp(FAXOPT(headerinfo) : ${FAXOPT(headerinfo)})
exten => s,n,NoOp(FAXOPT(localstationid) : ${FAXOPT(localstationid)})
exten => s,n,NoOp(FAXOPT(maxrate) : ${FAXOPT(maxrate)})
exten => s,n,NoOp(FAXOPT(minrate) : ${FAXOPT(minrate)})
exten => s,n,NoOp(**** RECEIVING FAX : ${FAXFILE} ****)
exten => s,n,ReceiveFAX(/var/spool/asterisk/fax/${FAXFILE})
exten => s,n,Hangup()
exten => h,1,NoOp(FAXOPT(ecm) : ${FAXOPT(ecm)})

[outboundfax]
exten => s,1,NoOp(send a fax)
exten => s,n,Set(FAXOPT(filename)=${FAXFILE})
exten => s,n,Set(FAXOPT(ecm)=yes)
exten => s,n,Set(FAXOPT(headerinfo)=Fax from MYCOMPANY +1 555 555 1212)
exten => s,n,Set(FAXOPT(localstationid)=15555551212)
exten => s,n,Set(FAXOPT(maxrate)=14400)
exten => s,n,Set(FAXOPT(minrate)=2400)
exten => s,n,SendFAX(/tmp/${FAXFILE},d)
exten => h,1,NoOp(FAXOPT(ecm) : ${FAXOPT(ecm)})

Step Five: Test

How do you test? Simple point an incoming number to inboundfax,s,1 and watch the magic happen. Faxes will be saved to /var/spool/asterisk/fax/ in tiff format.

But Wait! There’s More!

Sure, you could stop there, but wouldn’t it be neat to automatically email the received fax in pdf format? Using an AGI script, you can simply convert the tiff file into pdf format, attach it to an email, and off it goes!

Now, there are literally a thousand ways to do this. You can write your AGI scripts in the programming language of your choice; every language has it’s pros and cons. In our example, we’re going to demonstrate this process using a Perl script.

Install the Pre-reqs

You will want to install ghostscript to help convert the graphic files. On a centos install, this is as easy as typing yum -y install ghostscript. If you are using a different build you can install how you like or download the code directly from http://www.ghostscript.com/.

For the Perl pre-reqs, you will want to install a few packages from CPAN (to send mail and use smtp authentication):

perl -MCPAN -e shell
install MIME::Lite
install MIME::Base64
install Authen::SASL

Next create your perl script. In this case, call it receivedfax.pl and place it in /var/lib/asterisk/agi-bin:

#!/usr/bin/perl
use strict;
use MIME::Lite;

my ($msg,$stdinresult);

# $ARGV[0] = msgfrom, $ARGV[1] = msgto, $ARGV[2] = cidnum, $ARGV[3] = filename,
chomp($stdinresult = );

if ($#ARGV != 3) {
	print qq(VERBOSE "FAIL: 4 Arguments needed" 2\n);
	chomp($stdinresult = );
	exit(0);
}

system("tiff2ps -a /var/spool/asterisk/fax/$ARGV[3].tif | ps2pdf13 -sPAPERSIZE=letter - > /var/spool/asterisk/fax/$ARGV[3].pdf");

$msg = MIME::Lite->new(
	From => "$ARGV[0]",
	To => "$ARGV[1]",
	Subject => "FAX from $ARGV[2]",
	Type => 'multipart/mixed'
);

$msg->attach(
	Type => 'TEXT',
	Data => "Greetings.\n\nYou have received a fax from $ARGV[2]. (attached)\n\nSincerely,\nCOMPANY NAME\n\n"
);

$msg->attach(
	Type => 'image/pdf',
	Path => "/var/spool/asterisk/fax/$ARGV[3].pdf",
	Filename => "$ARGV[3].pdf",
	Disposition => 'attachment'
);

MIME::Lite->send('smtp', 'SMTP.SERVER.COM', Timeout=>60,
	AuthUser=>'MAILUSER', AuthPass=>'PASSWORD');

$msg->send;

system("rm -f /var/spool/asterisk/fax/$ARGV[3].pdf");

#example: receivedfax.pl "asterisk@mydomain.com" "JohnDoe@mydomain.com" 55512345678 fax-20091115-170217

Then, modify your dialplan to run the AGI script:

[inboundfax]
exten => s,1,NoOp(**** FAX RECEIVED from ${CALLERID(num)} ${STRFTIME(${EPOCH},,%c)} ****)
exten => s,n,Set(FAXOPT(ecm)=yes)
exten => s,n,Set(FILENAME=fax-${STRFTIME(${EPOCH},,%Y%m%d-%H%M%S)})
exten => s,n,Set(FAXFILE=${FILENAME}.tif)
exten => s,n,Set(FAXOPT(ecm)=yes)
exten => s,n,Set(FAXOPT(headerinfo)=Received by MYCOMPANY ${STRFTIME(${EPOCH},,%Y-%m-%d %H:%M)})
exten => s,n,Set(FAXOPT(localstationid)=5555551212)
exten => s,n,Set(FAXOPT(maxrate)=14400)
exten => s,n,Set(FAXOPT(minrate)=2400)
exten => s,n,NoOp(FAXOPT(ecm) : ${FAXOPT(ecm)})
exten => s,n,NoOp(FAXOPT(headerinfo) : ${FAXOPT(headerinfo)})
exten => s,n,NoOp(FAXOPT(localstationid) : ${FAXOPT(localstationid)})
exten => s,n,NoOp(FAXOPT(maxrate) : ${FAXOPT(maxrate)})
exten => s,n,NoOp(FAXOPT(minrate) : ${FAXOPT(minrate)})
exten => s,n,NoOp(**** RECEIVING FAX : ${FAXFILE} ****)
exten => s,n,ReceiveFAX(/var/spool/asterisk/fax/${FAXFILE})
exten => s,n,Hangup()
exten => h,1,GotoIf($["${FAXOPT(ecm)}" = "no" ]?end)
exten => h,n,AGI(receivedfax.pl,from@domain.com,to@domain.com,${CALLERID(num)},${FILENAME})
exten => h,n(end),NoOp(FAXOPT(ecm) : ${FAXOPT(ecm)}) 

You can even create a similar script to transform a pdf into a tiff file and send via outbound fax:

#!/usr/bin/perl -w
use strict;
use warnings;
sub random_name_generator($);

# usage: faxout.pl number filename
# example: faxout.pl 5555551212 myfax.pdf

if ($#ARGV != 1) {
	print qq(FAIL: 2 Arguments needed\n);
	exit(0);
}

my ($callto,$pdfname,$callfile,$filename);

$callto = $ARGV[0];
$pdfname = $ARGV[1];

my $tifname = $pdfname;
$tifname =~ s/.pdf/.tif/i;

system("gs -q -dNOPAUSE -dBATCH -sDEVICE=tiffg4 -sOutputFile=$tifname $pdfname");

if ($callto) {
	$filename = &random_name_generator(12).".call";
	open (MYFILE, ">>/tmp/$filename") or die $!;
	$callfile = "Channel: Local/$callto\@outboundialcontext\n";
	$callfile = $callfile . "MaxRetries: 1\n";
	$callfile = $callfile . "RetryTime: 60\n";
	$callfile = $callfile . "WaitTime: 60\n";
	$callfile = $callfile . "Archive: yes\n";
	$callfile = $callfile . "Context: outboundfax\n";
	$callfile = $callfile . "Extension: s\n";
	$callfile = $callfile . "Priority: 1\n";
	$callfile = $callfile . "Set: FAXFILE=$tifname\n";
	print MYFILE $callfile;
	close (MYFILE);
	system("mv /tmp/$filename /var/spool/asterisk/outgoing");
}

sub random_name_generator($) {
	my ($namelength, $randomstring, @chars);
	$namelength = shift;
	@chars = ('a'..'z','A'..'Z','0'..'9');
	foreach (1..$namelength) {
		$randomstring .= $chars[rand @chars];
	}
	return $randomstring;
}

Happy Coding!

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We look forward to working with you and helping your business.

For more information about our new services, please visit the Human Resources page or contact us.

They wrote the article in a Billy Mays style:

Limited Time Offer – Skype for Asterisk Public Beta

Mozilla.com released details today on a critical JavaScript vulnerability in the latest version of the popular Firefox 3.5 Web Browser. The vulnerability allows execution of code on the client (or target) system simply by visiting a website.

No patch is currently available for the flaw and several organizations (such as Scurnia, The Sans Institute, and the United States Computer Emergency Response Team) are recommending the complete disabling of JavaScript in Firefox (see below). Additionally, The Sans Institute is recommending the use of the NoScript Firefox plugin (that enables javascript only from white-listed sites).

Additional information:

• Mozilla Security Blog Post
• Secunia.com Advisory
• United States Computer Emergency Response Team
• NoScript Plugin

How to Disable the Javascript Engine in Firefox:

1. Enter about:config in the browser’s location bar.
2. Type jit in the Filter box at the top of the config editor.
3. Double-click the line containing javascript.options.jit.content setting the value to false.

Mozilla advises that disabling the JIT will result in decreased JavaScript performance and is only recommended as a temporary security measure.  Once users have been received the security update containing the fix for this issue, they should restore the JIT repeating the process above and setting the javascript.options.jit.content value to true.

Update — 7/16/2009

Firefox has introduced version 3.5.1 to address the security risk, as posted on their developer blog:

Firefox 3.5.1 update is now available for download

As part of the Mozilla Corporation’s ongoing security and stability process, Firefox 3.5.1 is now available for Windows, Mac, and Linux users as a free download from www.firefox.com.

We strongly recommend that all Firefox 3.5 users upgrade to this latest release. If you already have Firefox 3.5, you will receive an automated update notification within 24 to 48 hours. This update can also be applied manually by selecting “Check for Updates…” from the Help menu.

For a list of changes and more information, please see the Firefox 3.5.1 release notes.

Please note: If you’re still using Firefox 2.0.0.x, this version is no longer supported and contains known security vulnerabilities. Please upgrade to Firefox 3.5 by downloading Firefox 3.5.1 from www.firefox.com.

This entry was posted by beltzner on Thursday, July 16th, 2009 at 6:34 pm.

For a typical household, VoIP remains a very cost-effective telephone solution; although you must remember that without good (and we mean good), high-speed Internet, your VoIP will be unusable. Many local phone companies offer a “dial tone only” line for less than $15.00 monthly. With the use of VoIP and a dial-tone only landline, you can still save more than $150.00 yearly while providing your family a reliable method of calling during emergencies and power outages.

Team Forrest offers Asterisk Consulting Services for a wide variety of VoIP, Call Center, and other Telephony Based needs. From small, family business to large Corporations, Team Forrest’s simple philosophy of “Help the Client” ensures we provide great service to meet your needs.

Asterisk Consulting

From carrier services to traditional PBX services, Team Forrest’s Asterisk Consulting Service provides you the solution you need. Services include:

• IVR Development
• Custom AGI Scripting / Programming
• OpenSER Integration
• Calling Card Systems
• Call Center / Sales Queue Development
• Call Recording (call spying, call barging, whisper, etc.)
• Database Integration (Microsoft SQL MSSQL, MySQL, Oracle, etc.)
• Custom Solutions

Emergency Asterisk Support

When a problem comes along, we provide 24/7 Emergency Support to bring your system back to life. Both new and existing clients benefit from our immediate support response.

For immediate support please contact us or call +1 (212) 937-7844.

Remote and Onsite Support

Team Forrest offers immediate remote assistance across the globe. Local, onsite service is also available, with quick response to Michigan, Florida, and New York locations.

Asterisk? Ask us.

With Team Forrest, you get professional consulting at a great price — increased productivity at a lower cost. To see how Team Forrest can help improve your communication needs, contact us. We enjoy talking with clients and look forward to seeing how we can help you.

Asterisk, developed and released by Digium, Inc., is the world’s leading open source telephony engine and tool kit. Asterisk empowers communication with it’s flexibility. Whether working as a simple office telephone system, a robust Call Center platform, or anything in-between, Asterisk provides advanced features at a very low deployment cost.  Asterisk is released as open source under the GNU General Public License (GPL), and it is available for download free of charge. Asterisk is the most popular open source software available, with the Asterisk Community being the top influencer in VoIP.

Description: When configured with pedantic=yes the SIP channel driver performs extra request URI checking on an INVITE received as a result of a SIP spiral. As part of this extra checking the headers from the outgoing SIP INVITE sent and the received SIP INVITE are compared. The code incorrectly assumes that the string for each header passed in will be non-NULL in all cases. This is incorrect because if no headers are present the value passed in will be NULL.

The values passed into the code are now checked to be non-NULL before being compared.

Resolution: Upgrade to revision 174082 of the 1.4 branch, 174085 of the 1.6.0 branch, 174086 of the 1.6.1 branch, or one of the releases noted below.

The pedantic option in the SIP channel driver can also be turned off to prevent this issue from occurring.

Affected Versions

1.4.x (Versions 1.4.22, 1.4.23, 1.4.23.1)
1.6.0.x (All versions prior to 1.6.0.6)
1.6.1.x (All versions prior to 1.6.1.0-rc2)
C.x.x (Only version C.2.3)

If you need assistance in updating or reviewing your Asterisk installation, please contact Team Forrest today.

To encourage the improvement and testing of larger-scale Asterisk systems, I’d like to repeat here what I mentioned today on the asterisk-dev mailing list: I’m putting out a semi-official challenge in place. The first person to get an Asterisk system moving 10,000 G.711 call legs through a single instance on a single machine will get a first-class steak dinner at Astricon. And a great bottle of wine, if that is your preference.

To read more about the contest, check out the official post at Digium.

The announcement issued follows:

The Asterisk.org development team has announced the release of Asterisk 1.2.31.1, 1.4.22.2, 1.4.23.1, and 1.6.0.5. These releases are available for immediate download from http://downloads.digium.com/.

This update for Asterisk includes a security fix for chan_iax2. Please see the associated security adivisory for more details:

http://downloads.digium.com/pub/security/AST-2009-001.html

These updates are a fix to a previous security release (released as versions 1.2.31, 1.4.22.1, and 1.6.0.3).

The new versions are being released after additional testing revealed some issues with the way that scanning for users was blocked. Those issues have been corrected in this release.

This security issue affects the 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 series of Asterisk.

Also note, that Asterisk 1.6.0.4-rc1 was released yesterday prior to the security update. That release has been removed as there will be no 1.6.0.4 release, but rather will be reincarnated as 1.6.0.6-rc1. The reason for the dead release is to avoid 5 digit release numbers.

ChangeLogs for the various releases are available at:

http://downloads.digium.com/pub/asterisk/ChangeLog-1.2.31.1

http://downloads.digium.com/pub/asterisk/ChangeLog-1.4.22.2

http://downloads.digium.com/pub/asterisk/ChangeLog-1.4.23.1

http://downloads.digium.com/pub/asterisk/ChangeLog-1.6.0.5

Thank you for your continued support of Asterisk!

If you would like assistance with upgrading your software, or simply would like us to verify which version you are using, please contact Team Forrest today. We will be glad to assist you.